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Gottardi
Iodine and Iodine CompoundsGottardi W Chapter 8 in Block, SS. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation, 4th edition. Lea & Febiger, 1991, pp 152-165.
"The application of iodine to the treatment of swimming pools is an entirely different process from that of potable water treatment, because in the former, elemental iodine is applied directly to the water in crystal or possibly in tablet form, whereas in the latter, iodine is generally applied in the inert iodide form and later released as elemental iodine by coming in contact with an oxidant such as chlorine as follows:
HOCl + 2I- ==> I2 + Cl- + OH-
"1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, whose combination with iodide is known as "Hio-Dine" process (designed especially for the disinfection of swimming pools), may also serve as an oxidant. It became apparent, however, that this N-chloro compound is not ideal because it decomposes in aqueous solution, forming undesirable end products.
"Compared with chlorine, the use of iodine has the advantage that it reacts only to a small extent with ammonia or other nitrogenous compounds and therefore produces no compounds that are likely to contribute to swimmers' discomfort in the form of eye irritation or obnoxious odors. The use of iodine in swimming-pool disinfection has the following advantages: (1) approximately one third saving on chemical cost, (2) no disagreeable odor or taste, (3) no irritation on the mucous membranes, (4) good disinfection of swimming-pool waters, (5) no danger in storage or use because material is in crystalline form, (6) residual is stable and does not fluctuate quickly, (7) pH is stable after balance is reached, and (8) swimmers' comfort is protected.
"On the other hand, iodine is a notoriously poor algicide, and the control of algae growth requires additional measures. Probably the most serious flaw in the use of iodine is the difficulty in controlling the color of the pool water, mainly in the presence of a large amount of iodide, which causes the development of yellowish-brown I3- ions. The problem of color control plus the inability of iodine to control algae all but eliminate it from use by the swimming-pool industry."
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