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The disinfection of swimming pool waters. I. Comparison of iodine and chlorine as swimming pool disinfectants.
Black AP, Kinman RN, Keirn MA, Smith JJ, Harlan WE.
Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1970 Mar;60(3):535-45.
"In contrast to chlorine, recognition of the properties of iodine as a water disinfectant has been slow to develop. In 1953, Chang and Morris published important studies demonstrating the effectiveness of iodine against bacteria, viruses, and cysts, and demonstrated its superiority over chlorine for devitalizing cysts of Entamoeba histolytica. Their studies were primarily responsible for the adoption of iodine by the military for the disinfection of canteen water in the field. In 1959, Black, Lackey, and Lackey" published the first study of its effectiveness for the disinfection of swimming pool water, and this work, along with the work of others, led to its tentative approval by the U. S. Public Health Service for swimming pool water disinfection, with the proviso that the maximum concentration of iodine in all forms shall not exceed 5 mg/L.
This paper, Part I of a two-part series, presents a comparison of the effectiveness of chlorine and iodine for the disinfection of swimming pool water. It evaluates our work and that of many others concerning such factors as chemical reactivity; relative cost; bacteriological effectiveness; effect on pH; type and level of halogen residuals; and methods for their determination, esthetic factors, and algae control.
The disinfection of swimming pool water. II. A field study of the disinfection of public swimming pools.
Black AP, Keirn MA, Smith JJ Jr, Dykes GM Jr, Harlan WE.
Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1970 Apr;60(4):740-50.
"There has been a rapid increase in the number of public swimming pools constructed in this country in recent years, and their proper disinfection and operation is becoming an increasingly important public health problem. The results of a recent study of 193 typically operated public pools indicate the need for the promulgation and enforcement by state or local health departments of adequate codes of practice covering all aspects of pool operation, and, hopefully, of minimum qualifications for their operators. In the preparation or revision of these codes, it is extremely important that critical terms be exactly defined. Specifically, for each disinfectant, the type of residual required should be clearly stated, and also the method or methods approved for its determination.
The objective of this study was to sample many different types of public swimming pools in order to get a statistically sound evaluation of the safety, operational practices, and maintenance problems encountered in typically operated pools."
Effectiveness of iodine for the disinfection of swimming pool water.
Black AP, Lackey JB, Lackey EW
Am J Public Health. 1959 Aug;49:1060-8.
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