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ATSDR
Iodine: Chemical, Physical, and Radiological InformationAgency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
"Iodine can exist in several oxidation states: -1, 0, +1, +3, +5, and +7. Under normal environmental conditions, the -1, 0, and +5 oxidation states are the most important. There are 36 isotopes of iodine having masses between 108 and 143 (Chu et al. 1999); 14 of these yield significant radiation. The only naturally-occurring isotopes of iodine are 127I and 129I, which are stable and radioactive, respectively. Isotopes of mass less than 127 are produced in particle accelerators (common examples are 123I and 125I), while those >127 are formed in neutron generators such as nuclear reactors and atomic bombs (common examples are 129I and 131I). A total of 72% of uranium fissions and 75% of plutonium fissions leads directly or by beta decay of precursors, to iodine isotopes. For example, 2.89% of 235U and 3.86% of 239Pu fission atoms lead to the formation of a series of isobar 131 isotopes, including 131In, 131Sn, 131Sb, 131Te, 131I, and 131Xe. Each isotope can be formed as an initial fission product and, once formed, each isotope decays by beta-ray emission to the right on the sequence, through 131I, and with stable 131Xe."
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