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Gartner
Influence of iodide and iodolactones on thyroid apoptosis. Evidence that apoptosis induced by iodide is mediated by iodolactones in intact porcine thyroid follicles.Langer R, Burzler C, Bechtner G, Gartner R. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2003 Sep;111(6):325-9. [abstract only]
"Iodine induced thyroid involution is caused by apoptosis rather than necrosis. This effect of iodide on apoptosis of thyroid epithelial cells may be not a direct one but mediated by iodinated derivatives i.e. of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially of iodolactones, which have previously shown to inhibit thyroid cell proliferation. We studied the influence on apoptosis of iodide (2 microM and 20 microM) and iodolactone (0.05 microM and 0.5 microM), with and without TSH (1 mU/ml), using a well characterized ex vivo- culture system of intact porcine thyroid follicles in three-dimensional culture. Apoptosis and necrosis was evaluated by electron-microscopy. Stimulation with 2 and 20 microM iodide rapidly induced a rate of apoptosis (4 - 6 %) comparable to about 40-fold lower doses of delta-iodolactone (0.05 microM and 0.5 microM). Addition of TSH (1 mU/ml) caused a slight but not significant further increase of the incidence of apoptotic cells. The rate of necrotic thyroid epithelial cells (1 - 2 %) was similar in all experiments. As delta-iodolactone in very low concentrations--comparable to iodide in higher concentrations--not only inhibits growth but also induces apoptosis, it has to be supposed that the effect of iodide is mediated by this iodinated compound. However, further experiments are necessary to confirm this hypothesis. In addition it could be demonstrated, that apoptosis is a very rapid and limited process in intact follicles. This also may explain, why iodine supplementation even in high doses does not lead to thyroid atrophy but only normalisation of thyroid size. These results confirm that apoptosis is an important regulated and limited mechanism in goiter involution."
Evidence that iodolactones are the mediators of growth inhibition by iodine on the thyroid.Gartner R, Dugrillon A, Bechtner G. Acta Med Austriaca. 1996;23(1-2):47-51. Review. [abstract only]
"Different iodolipids have been identified within the last decades in thyroid cells exposed to iodine in vitro as well as in vivo. Iodolipids have been supposed to be involved in thyroid autoregulation, but no specific compounds could be found. A new approach was stimulated by the finding that rat thyroid lobes were able to iodinate arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acids in vitro. Meanwhile 6-iodo-5 hydroxy-eicosatrienoic acid (delta-iodolactone) has been identified in human thyroid tissue, but only after treating the patients with high doses of iodine before thyroidectomy, whereas in untreated endemic goiter this delta-iodolactone could not be found. In rats treated with iodolactones, methimazole induced goiter formation could be prevented. In human and porcine thyroid cells in vitro, delta-iodolactone inhibited epidermal growth factor (EGF) induced proliferation in 50-fold lower concentrations than iodide itself. Furthermore it could be demonstrated that only the IP3-, but not the cAMP generation in porcine thyroid cells could be inhibited by this compound. Also a structure specifity for delta-iodolactones for the biological activity could be shown. We will summarize and discuss these important new findings on the role of iodolactones on thyroid growth."
delta-Iodolactones decrease epidermal growth factor-induced proliferation and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate generation in porcine thyroid follicles--a possible mechanism of growth inhibition by iodide.Dugrillon A, Gartner R. Eur J Endocrinol. 1995 Jun;132(6):735-43. [abstract only]
"delta-Iodolactone (6-iodo-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic delta-lactone, delta-IL), an iodinated derivative of arachidonic acid, has been shown to be synthesized in thyroid tissue and to inhibit thyroid cell proliferation. It is discussed as a potential mediator of the autoregulatory pathway of iodide in cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)- and thyrotropin (TSH)-independent growth. We therefore further localized the action of iodide and of delta-IL in isolated porcine thyroid follicles. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) dose dependently stimulated thyroid cell proliferation, which could be inhibited by staurosporin (0.1-10 nmol/l). Iodide (2.5-40 mumol/l) as well as delta-IL (0.5-2 mumol/l) also dose dependently inhibited EGF- and TPA-induced proliferation. As the calcium ionophor A23187 (100 pmol/l) completely abolished the inhibitory effects of iodide and of delta-IL, this may indicate a mechanism of delta-IL at or proximal to the calcium-dependent activation of protein kinase C. The growth inhibitory effect was restricted to delta-iodolactones when delta-IL was compared to 6-iodo-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic delta-lactone and 5-iodo-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic gamma-lactone. It could not be prevented with propylthiouracil and therefore deiodination and a different iodide action is unlikely. Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and cAMP were measured in extracts from isolated porcine thyroid follicles stimulated with EGF (10 ng/ml) or TSH (1.0 U/l) revealing comparable kinetics in IP3 generation, while cAMP formation was only stimulated by TSH. delta-Iodolactone (2 mumol/l) only decreased EGF-induced IP3 formation, whereas TSH-induced IP3 and cAMP formation was unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"
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