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Iodine and the Body

Pregnancy

• Aghini-Lombardi
• Allen
• Ardawi
• Ares
• Bader
• Burrow
• Cao, DeLong, Jiang
• Chierici
• Delange
• de Luis
• Derry
• Dorea
• Dunn
• Eltom
• Fernandez-Soto
• Filetti
• Glinoer
• Haddow
• Jancin
• Koutras
• Kung
• Laurberg, Pedersen
• Lazarus
• Liesenkotter
• Mitchell
• Mahomed
• Moon
• Moscicka
• Nishiyama
• NRDC
• Papiernik
• Reinhardt
• Rogahn
• Seibold-Weiger
• Smyth
• Soldin
• Stulc
• Tsintsadze
• Vermiglio
• Williams
• Yang
• Zimmermann

Zimmermann

Increasing the iodine concentration in the Swiss iodized salt program markedly improved iodine status in pregnant women and children: a 5-y prospective national study.

Zimmermann MB, Aeberli I, Torresani T, Burgi H.

Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Aug;82(2):388-92.

[abstract only]

"BACKGROUND: Many industrialized countries struggle to maintain adequate iodine intake because of changes in dietary habits and the food supply. In Switzerland, because of declining iodine intakes in children and pregnant women, the iodine concentration in table salt was increased from 15 to 20 mg/kg.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated Swiss iodine nutrition after the 1999 increase in the salt iodine concentration. DESIGN: In 1999 and 2004, a 3-stage probability proportionate-to-size cluster sampling was done to obtain a representative national sample of primary schoolchildren and pregnant women. Urine and household salt were collected for iodine measurement. The frequency of elevated thyrotropin concentrations found in the newborn screening program was evaluated before and after the increase.

RESULTS: In 1999, median urinary iodine (UI) concentrations among children (n = 610) and pregnant women (n = 511) were 115 microg/L (range: 5-413 microg/L) and 138 microg/L (range: 5-1881 microg/L), respectively, which indicated marginal iodine status. In 2004, median UI concentrations among children (n = 386) and pregnant women (n = 279) were 141 microg/L (range: 0-516 microg/L) and 249 microg/L (range: 8-995 microg/L), respectively (P < 0.01). Newborn thyrotropin concentrations >5 mU/L decreased from 2.9% in 1992-1998 (n = 259 035) to 1.7% in 1999-2004 (n = 218 665) (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS: A 25% increase in iodine concentration in iodized table salt markedly improved iodine status in Switzerland, which showed the value of monitoring and adjusting iodine concentrations in national salt programs. The frequency of newborn thyrotropin concentrations >5 mU/L appears to be a sensitive indicator of iodine nutrition during pregnancy."
 

Iodine supplementation of pregnant women in Europe: a review and recommendations.

Zimmermann M, Delange F.

Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jul;58(7):979-84. Review.

[abstract only]

"OBJECTIVE: Nearly two-thirds of the population of Western and Central Europe live in countries that are iodine deficient. Damage to reproductive function and to the development of the fetus and newborn is the most important consequence of iodine deficiency. The objective of this review was to examine the iodine status of pregnant women in Europe and the potential need for iodine supplementation. DESIGN: A MEDLINE/PubMed search and compilation of all published studies since 1990 of iodine nutrition and iodine supplementation of pregnant women in Europe, as well as an Internet-based search and review on availability and legislation of iodine supplements in the European Union. RESULTS: Although the data suggest most women in Europe are iodine deficient during pregnancy, less than 50% receive supplementation with iodine. Mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy adversely affects thyroid function of the mother and newborn and mental development of the offspring and these adverse effects can be prevented or minimized by supplementation. There are no published data on the effect of iodine supplementation on long-term maternal and child outcomes. The iodine content of prenatal supplements in Europe varies widely; many commonly used products contain no iodine. The European Union is developing legislation to establish permissible levels for iodine in food supplements. CONCLUSIONS: In most European countries, pregnant women and women planning a pregnancy should receive an iodine-containing supplement ( approximately 150 microg/day). Kelp and seaweed-based products, because of unacceptable variability in their iodine content, should be avoided. Prenatal supplement manufacturers should be encouraged to include adequate iodine in their products. Professional organizations should influence evolving EU legislation to ensure optimal doses for iodine in prenatal vitamin-mineral supplements."

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