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Venturi
Iodine in evolution of salivary glands and in oral healthVenturi S Lecture held at the "Thyroid Club" Annual Meeting of Bologna University, Feb 2005.
"About 350 M/y/a the dry diet of terrestrial environment stimulated, firstly in anuran amphibians and after in reptiles [9] the primitive tongue and the formation, from I-concentrating ectodermic and endodermic cells of oral mucosa, of the primitive salivary glands, which maintain I-concentrating ability, and are able to solubilizating food substances. "
"Gastro-salivary clearance and secretions of iodides are an important part of “gastro-intestinal cycle of iodides”, which constitutes about 23 % of iodides pool in the human body, that is important for the overall iodide economy [12].
"Mammalians, as cows in their abomasum, have an efficient iodine recycling system via the oral-salivary and gastro-intestinal tract, which conserves iodine and can protect them against low dietary iodine [13-16].
"The entero-thyroidal circulation of iodides seems mediated principally by salivary and gastric NIS. In the mammals and humans, dietary iodine is, by NIS, rapidly adsorbed as iodide (I-) from the small intestine.
"Several mammalian extrathyroidal non-follicular organs share the same gene expression of NIS and particularly salivary glands, stomach mucosa and lactating mammary gland [11, 17]. Thymus, epidermis, choroid plexus and articular, arterial and skeletal systems [11, 18] have I-concentrating ability too. The fact that 131-radioiodine is also detectable in radioautographies of oral mucosa and epidermal fur of rats after 14 days, strongly suggests formation of unknown structural iodocompounds and iodoproteins in some I-concentrating cells [17,18].
"Salivary glands and saliva have highest and rapid I-concentrating capacity in the body, via an efficient NIS. According to Banerjee [19, 20] and De SK [21] the salivary glands and gastric mucosa has high ability to concentrate iodides and to form iodocompounds by peroxidases."
"Littleton and Frohlich [25] reported that twelve skeletal samples, from the Arabian Gulf have been used to trace differences in diet and subsistence patterns through an analysis of dental pathology. The skeletons date from 3,000 BC to AD 1,500 and cover a variety of geographical locations: off-shore islands, Eastern Arabia, and Oman. The dental conditions analyzed are attrition, caries, and ante-mortem tooth loss (AMTL). Results indicate four basic patterns of dental disease which, while not mutually exclusive, correspond to four basic subsistence patterns. Marine dependency (rich in iodine) in population, is indicated by severe attrition, low caries rates, and a lack of AMTL. The second group of dental diseases-moderate attrition, low rates of caries, and low-moderate rates of AMTL affects populations subsisting on a mixture of pastoralism or fishing and agriculture. Mixed farming populations experienced low-moderate attrition, high rates of caries and abscessing due to caries, and severe AMTL. The final group of dental diseases affects inland populations practicing intensive gardening. These groups experienced slight attrition, high rates of caries, and severe AMTL."
"Many researchers (28-31) and Wharton [32] reported that immunodeficiency and malnutrition in adolescence and iodine deficiency and dental caries are associated. In 1939, Hardgrove [33] reported that “in his community (Fond du Lac, Wis, USA), since the beginning of administration of iodine to prevent goitre, children have less caries. Iodine seems to increase resistance to caries, retarding the process and reducing its incidence.” Recently Abnet et al. showed a statistical correlation between I-deficient goitre and gastric cancer (34) and between gastric cancer and tooth loss in a Chinese cohort of the Linxian General Population Nutrition Intervention Trial."
"In conclusion, we believe that the antioxidant, apoptosis-inductor and presumed antitumour activities of iodide might be useful in oral health and in prevention of some extra-thyroidal and salivary gland cancers."
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